-
1 solid-fuelled rocket
nSPACE cohete aprovisionado de combustible sólido m -
2 solid-propellant rocket
English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > solid-propellant rocket
-
3 solid-fuelled
solid-fuel(l)ed rocket Feststoffrakete f -
4 solid-fuelled
-
5 solid
-
6 solid-fueled
solid-fuel(l)ed rocket Feststoffrakete f -
7 Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 5 October 1882 Worcester, Massachusetts, USAd. 10 August 1945 Baltimore, Maryland, USA[br]American inventory developer of rocket propulsion.[br]At the age of seventeen Goddard climbed a tree and, seeing the view from above, he became determined to make some device with which to ascend towards the planets. In an autobiography, published in 1959 in the journal Astronautics, he stated, "I was a different boy when I descended the ladder. Life now had a purpose for me." His first idea was to launch a projectile by centrifugal force, but in 1909 he started to design a rocket that was to be multi-stage and fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen. Not long before the First World War he produced a report, "A method of reaching extreme altitudes", which was for the Smithsonian Institution and was published in book form in 1919. During the war he worked on solid-fuelled rockets as weapons. His book contained notes on the amount of fuel required to raise 1 lb (454 g) of payload to an infinite altitude. He incurred ridicule as "the moon man" when he proposed the use of flash powder to indicate successful arrival on the moon. In 1923 he severed his connections with military work and returned to the University of Massachusetts. On 16 March 1926 he launched the world's first liquid-fuelled rocket from his aunt's farm in Auburn, Massachusetts; powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen, it flew to a height of 12 m (40 ft) and travelled 54 m (177 ft) in 2.4 seconds.In November 1929 he met the aviator Charles Lindbergh, who persuaded both the Guggenheim Foundation and the Carnegie Institute to support Goddard's experiments financially. He moved to the more suitable location of the Mescalere Ranch, near Roswell, New Mexico, where he worked until 1941. His liquid-fuelled rockets reached speeds of 1,100 km/h (700 mph) and heights of 2,500 m (8,000ft). He investigated the use of the gyroscope to steady his rockets and the assembly of power units in clusters to increase the total thrust. In 1941 he moved to the naval establishment at Annapolis, Maryland, working on liquid-fuelled rockets to assist the take-off of aircraft from carriers. He worked for the US Government on this and the development of military rockets until his death from throat cancer in 1945. In all, he was granted 214 patents, roughly three per year of his life.In 1960 the US Government admitted infringement of Goddard's patents during the rocket programme of the 1950s and awarded his widow a payment of $1,000,000, while the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) honoured him by naming the Goddard Spaceflight Center near Washington, DC, after him. The Goddard Memorial Library at Clark University, in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts, was also named in his honour.[br]Further ReadingA.Osman, 1983, Space History, London: Michael Joseph. P.Marsh, 1985, The Space Business, Harmondsworth: Penguin.K.C.Parley, 1991, Robert H.Goddard, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press. T.Streissguth, 1994, Rocket Man: The Story of Robert Goddard, Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Goddard, Dr Robert Hutchings
-
8 Congreve, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 20 May 1772 London, Englandd. 16 May 1828 Toulouse, France[br]English developer of military rockets.[br]He was the eldest son of Lieutenant-General Sir William Congreve, Colonel Commandant of the Royal Artillery, Superintendent of Military Machines and Superintendent Comptroller of the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich, and the daughter of a naval officer. Congreve passed through the Naval Academy at Woolwich and in 1791 was attached to the Royal Laboratory (formerly known as the Woolwich Arsenal), of which his father was then in command. In the 1790s, an Indian prince, Hyder Ali, had had some success against British troops with solid-fuelled rockets, and young Congreve set himself to develop the idea. By about 1806 he had made some 13,000 rockets, each with a range of about 2 km (1¼ miles). The War Office approved their use, and they were first tested in action at sea during the sieges of Boulogne and Copenhagen in 1806 and 1807 respectively. Congreve was commissioned to raise two companies of rocket artillery; in 1813 he commanded one of his rocket companies at the Battle of Leipzig, where although the rockets did little damage to the enemy, the noise and glare of the explosions had a considerable effect in frightening the French and caused great confusion; for this, the Tsar of Russia awarded Congreve a knighthood. The rockets were similarly effective in other battles, including the British attack on Fort McHenry, near Baltimore, in 1814; it is said that this was the inspiration for the lines "the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air" in Francis Scott Key's poem The Star Spangled Banner, which became the United States' national anthem.Congreve's father died in 1814, and he succeeded him in the baronetcy and as Comptroller of the Royal Laboratory and Superintendent of Military Machines, holding this post until his death. For the last ten years of his life he was Member of Parliament for Plymouth, having previously represented Gatton when elected for that constituency in 1812.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1812.Further ReadingF.H.Winter, 1990, The First Golden Age of Rocketry: Congreve and Hale Rockets of the Nine-teenth Century, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.IMcN
См. также в других словарях:
Solid-fuel rocket — A solid rocket or a solid fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid fueled, powered by gunpowder, used by the Chinese and Arabs in warfare as early as the 13th century. All… … Wikipedia
Rocket propellant — is mass that is stored, usually in some form of propellant tank, prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a rocket engine in the form of a fluid jet to produce thrust.Chemical rocket propellants are most commonly used,… … Wikipedia
Rocket engine — RS 68 being tested at NASA s Stennis Space Center. The nearly transparent exhaust is due to this engine s exhaust being mostly superheated steam (water vapor from its propellants, hydrogen and oxygen) … Wikipedia
Rocket — This article is about vehicles powered by rocket engines. For other uses, see Rocket (disambiguation). A Soyuz U, at Baikonur Site 1/5 A rocket is a missile, spacecraft, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust from a rocket engi … Wikipedia
Long March (rocket family) — A Long March rocket (simplified Chinese: 长征系列运载火箭; traditional Chinese: 長征系列運載火箭; pinyin: Chángzhēng xìliè yùnzài huǒjiàn) or Chang Zheng rocket as in Chinese pinyin is any rocket in a family of expendable launch systems operated by the People s… … Wikipedia
Ariane (rocket) — Ariane is a series of a European civilian expendable launch vehicles for space launch use. The name comes from the French spelling of the mythological character Ariadne; the word is also used in French to describe some types of hummingbird.France … Wikipedia
Staged combustion cycle (rocket) — Staged combustion rocket cycle. Usually, all of the fuel and a portion of the oxidizer are fed through the pre burner (fuel rich) to power the pumps. An oxygen rich circuit is possible also, but less common because of the metallurgy required. The … Wikipedia
Mu (rocket) — The Mu, also known as M was a series of Japanese solid fuelled carrier rockets, which were launched from Uchinoura between 1966 and 2006. Originally developed by Japan s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Mu rockets were later operated … Wikipedia
Mu (rocket family) — The Mu, also known as M, was a series of Japanese solid fuelled carrier rockets, which were launched from Uchinoura between 1966 and 2006. Originally developed by Japan s Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Mu rockets were later… … Wikipedia
Bipropellant rocket — A bipropellant rocket engine is a rocket engine that uses two propellants (very often liquid propellants) which are kept separately prior to reacting to form a hot gas to be used for propulsion.In contrast, most solid rockets have single solid… … Wikipedia
Modular rocket — A Delta IV Heavy, featuring three Common Booster Cores; one used as the first stage and two as boosters. A modular rocket is a type of multistage rocket which features components that can be interchanged for specific mission requirements. Several … Wikipedia